Entropion

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Four basic anatomic defects which may lead to entropion:

• Horizontal lid laxity
• disinsertion or attenuation of retractors
• preseptal orbicularis overiding the pretarsal orbicularis muscle
• enophthalmos

 Forms of Entropion

• Congenital
  • rare
  • differentiate from epiblepharon
  • treat by excising skin and orbicularis below eyelid margin
• Acute Spastic
  • due to ocular inflammation and irritation
  • Treat underlying disease or quickert suture
• Involutional entropion
  • Etiologies  
    
    • laxity or defect of the lower eyelid retractors (involutional=senile), due to lid retratctor dehiscence of the lower eyelid retractors (analogue of mueller's muscle) or of capsulopapebral fascia (analogue of levator)
    • horizontal eyelid laxity
    • preseptal orbicularis override
    • enophthalmos
  • Treatment
    • Thermal cautery
    • quickert suture
    • re-attachment of lower eyelid retractors
    • full thickness horizontal eyelid lid splitting and marginal rotation
    • orbicularis muscle tightening procedures
    • horizontal lid shorteing
    • tarsal strip

 

Cicatricial entropions

• Etiology
  • trauma
  • inflammation
  • pemphigus
  • pemphigoid
  • stevens-johnson syndrome
  • trachoma
• Treatment
  • contact lenses
  • epilation
  • lubrication
  • mucous membrane graft
  • scleral grafts

Ectropion is a medical condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards

Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelids fold inward. It is very uncomfortable, as the eyelashes rub against the cornea constantly. Entropion is usually caused by genetic factors and may be congenital. Trachoma infection may cause scarring of the inner eyelid, which may cause entropion

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease. It most commonly affects the thyroid, causing it to grow to twice its size or more (goiter), be overactive, with related hyperthyroid symptoms such as increased heartbeat, muscle weakness, disturbed sleep, and irritability. It can also affect the eyes, causing bulging eyes (exophthalmos). It affects other systems of the body, including the skin and reproductive organs. It affects up to 2% of the female population, often appears after childbirth, and has a female:male incidence of 5:1 to 10:1. It has a strong hereditary component; when one identical twin has Graves' disease, the other twin will have it 25% of the time. Smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke is associated with the eye manifestations but not the thyroid manifestations. Diagnosis is usually made on the basis of symptoms, although thyroid hormone tests may be useful, particularly to monitor treatment.

Trichiasis is a medical term for abnormally positioned eyelashes that grow back toward the eye, touching the cornea or conjunctiva. This can be caused by infection, inflammation, autoimmune conditions, and trauma such as burns or eyelid injury.

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle: The levator palpebrae superioris (latin for: elevating muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the superior (upper) eyelid.